An Introduction to Root Systems & Mycelium

Part 1 of the Mini-Series: “The Deep, Dark, & Dirty Depths” (non-consecutive episodes)

Listen as Josh digs down into the topic of root systems and mycelium. There are a lot of differences to these systems even though they can look and function somewhat similarly. In some ways, fungi/mycelium are more related to animals than to plants! Roots and mycelium are also important parts of ecosystems, from forests to riverbanks to plains. Recent studies have looked at what happens when these two systems overlap and how this has spread the somewhat romanticized idea of forest communication and “Mother Trees”.

Discussion Includes:

  • Plant Root Systems: Purpose, Functions, Structure, & Growth

  • Kingdoms vs. Clades

  • Fungi Mycelium Systems: Purpose, Functions, Structure, & Fruiting Bodies (Mushrooms)

  • Fractals

  • The Dust Bowl and General Environmental Importance of Plants and Fungi

  • How Humans Personify Trees

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Images:

References:

  • Kościelniak P, Glazińska P, Kȩsy J and Zadworny M (2021) Formation and Development of Taproots in Deciduous Tree Species. Front. Plant Sci. 12:772567. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772567 

  • Martin, G. W. (1955). Are Fungi Plants? Mycologia, 47(6), 779–792. https://doi.org/10.2307/3755502

  • Lovett, B. (2021, January 6). Three reasons fungi are not plants. ASM.org. https://asm.org/articles/2021/january/three-reasons-fungi-are-not-plants 

  • Liu YJ, Hodson MC, Hall BD. Loss of the flagellum happened only once in the fungal lineage: phylogenetic structure of kingdom Fungi inferred from RNA polymerase II subunit genes. BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Sep 29;6:74. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-6-74. PMID: 17010206; PMCID: PMC1599754.

  • Diameter of human hair. Diameter of human hair - Human Homo sapiens - BNID 106856. (n.d.). https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?id=106856&ver=2 

  • Simard, S., Perry, D., Jones, M. et al. Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field. Nature 388, 579–582 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/41557

  • Holewinski, B. (n.d.). Underground networking: The amazing connections beneath your feet. National Forest Foundation. https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/underground-mycorrhizal-network 

  • Pappas, S. (2024, May 2). Do trees really support each other through a network of fungi?. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-trees-support-each-other-through-a-network-of-fungi/ 

  • Karst, J., Jones, M. D., & Hoeksema, J. D. (2023). Positive citation bias and overinterpreted results lead to misinformation on common mycorrhizal networks in forests. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 7(4), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01986-1 

  • Michaels, T., Clark, M., Hoover, E., Irish, L., Smith, A., & Tepe, E. (2022, June 20). 3.3 roots. The Science of Plants. https://open.lib.umn.edu/horticulture/chapter/3-3-roots/ 

  • CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

  • Pregitzer, K. S. (2008). Tree Root Architecture: Form and Function. The New Phytologist, 180(3), 562–564. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25150605

  • Schenk, H. J., & Jackson, R. B. (2002). Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below‐ground/above‐ground allometries of plants in water‐limited ecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 90(3), 480–494. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00682.x 

  • McGinnis MR, Tyring SK. Introduction to Mycology. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8125/

  • JOHNSON, N. C., GRAHAM, J., & SMITH, F. A. (1997). Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism–parasitism continuum*. New Phytologist, 135(4), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00729.x 

  • US Department of Commerce, N. O. and A. A. (2009, June 3). What is a mangrove forest?. What is a “mangrove” forest? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/mangroves.html#:~:text=Mangroves%20are%20a%20group%20of,allow%20fine%20sediments%20to%20accumulate.

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