How the Longest Night & Ancient Rome Influence Christmas

Part 2 of our Mini-Series “Examples of Pagan ‘Repurposing’ in Organized Religion” (non-consecutive episodes)

Ancient Rome boasted an impressive polytheistic religion. Festivals to various gods were celebrated throughout the year, and Saturnalia and Natalis Invictus occurred around the winter solstice (Dec 20/21). Kara and Josh explore these holidays and what, if any, influence they have on the date of Christmas and how the holiday is celebrated today.



Discussion Includes:

  • Overview of Saturnalia

  • Overview of Natalis Invictus

  • Similarities of Saturnalia and Natalis Invictus to Christmas

  • The Debate of the Church’s Decision for December 25th as Christmas

  • Overview of the Astronomy of the Winter Solstice

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Images:

References:

  • McCabe, S. (2023). The Changing Nature of Christmas Celebrations. 

  • Nicolae, S. (2022). Origins of Christmas.

  • Doble, R. (2015). Winter solstice celebrations: Roman Saturnalia and modern Christmas.

  • González-García, A. C., García Quintela, M. V., Rodríguez-Antón, A., & Espinosa-Espinosa, D. (2022). The Winter Solstice as a Roman Cultural Fingerprint from the Mythical Origins of Rome to Augustus. Environmental Archaeology, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2022.2053825

  • Hijmans, S. (2003). Sol Invictus, the winter solstice, and the origins of Christmas. Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada, 47(3), 377-398.

  • Pan, J. (2022). Illustration design of the 24 solar terms. Highlights in Art and Design, 1(3), 19-22.

  • Scherrer, P., Scherrer, D., & Center, S. S. (2014). Solstice and Equinox (“Suntrack”) Season Model.

  • Paradise, T. (2015). Architectural orientation and Earth-Sun Relationships in Petra, Jordan: A preliminary analysis of the principal tombs and structures. Annual of the Dept of Antiquities of Jordan, 58, 1-6.

  • Mörner, N. A. (2012). Strict solar alignment of Bronze Age rock carvings in SE Sweden. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(10), 3301-3305.

  • Bradley, C. (2023). The Saturnalia: An Analysis of Religious Ritual and Family Relationships (Doctoral dissertation).

  • MICHELS, A. K. (1990). ROMAN FESTIVALS: October—December. The Classical Outlook, 68(1), 10–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43919166

  • Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, November 14). Epiphany. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epiphany

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Episode 6: Fungi